Settlement Houses Progressive Solution for Neighborhood Problems

The settlement house, an approach to social reform with roots in the late 19th century and the Progressive Movement, was a method for serving the poor in urban areas by living among them and serving them directly. As the residents of settlement houses learned effective methods of helping, they then worked to transfer long-term responsibility for the programs to government agencies. Settlement house workers, in their work to find more effective solutions to poverty and injustice, also pioneered the profession of social work.  Philanthropists funded the settlement houses.   Often, organizers like Jane Addams made their funding appeals to the wives of the wealthy businessmen. Through their connections, the women and men who ran the settlement houses also were able to influence political and economic reforms. Women may have been drawn to the public housekeeping idea: extending the idea of  womens sphere  of responsibility for keeping house, to public activism. The term neighborhood center (or in British English, Neighbourhood Centre) is often used today for similar institutions, as the early tradition of residents settling in the neighborhood has given way to professionalized social work. Some settlement houses served whatever ethnic groups were in the area. Others, such as those directed towards African Americans or Jews, served groups which werent always welcomed in other community institutions. Through the work of such women as Edith Abbott  and Sophonisba Breckinridge, the thoughtful extension of what the settlement house workers learned led to the founding of the profession of social work. Community organizing and group work both have roots in the settlement house movements ideas and practices. The settlement houses tended to be founded with secular goals, but many who were involved were religious progressives, often influenced by the Social Gospel ideals. First Settlement Houses The first settlement house was Toynbee Hall in London, founded in 1883 by Samuel and Henrietta Barnett. This was followed by Oxford House in 1884, and others such as the Mansfield House Settlement. The first American settlement house was The Neighborhood Guild, founded by Stanton Coit, begun in 1886.   The Neighborhood Guild failed soon after, and inspired another guild, the College Settlement (later the University Settlement), called so because the founders were graduates of the Seven Sisters colleges. Famous Settlement Houses The best-known settlement house is perhaps Hull House in Chicago, founded in 1889 by Jane Addams with her friend Ellen Gates Starr.   Lillian Wald and the Henry Street Settlement in New York is also well known. Both of these houses were staffed primarily by women, and both resulted in many reforms with long-lasting effect and many programs that exist today. A Settlement House Movement Other notable early settlement houses were the East Side House in 1891 in New York City, Bostons South End House in 1892, the University of Chicago Settlement and the Chicago Commons, both in Chicago in 1894, Hiram House in Cleveland in 1896, Hudson Guild in New York City in 1897, Greenwich House in New York in 1902. By 1910, there were more than 400 settlement houses in more than 30 states in America. At the peak in the 1920s, there were almost 500 of these organizations.   The United Neighborhood Houses of New York today encompasses 35 settlement houses in New York City.   About forty percent of settlement houses were founded and supported by a religious denomination or organization. The movement was mostly present in the United States and Great Britain, but a movement of Settlement in Russia existed from 1905 to 1908. More Settlement House Residents and Leaders Edith Abbott, a pioneer in social work and social service administration, had been a Hull House resident with her sister  Grace Abbott, New Deal chief of the federal Childrens BureauEmily Greene Balch, later a Nobel Peace Prize winner, worked in and for some time headed Bostons Denison HouseGeorge Bellamy founded Hiram House in Cleveland in 1896 Sophonisba Breckinridge  from Kentucky was another Hull House resident who went on to contribute to the field of professional social workJohn Dewey taught at Hull House when he lived in Chicago and supported the settlement house movement in Chicago and New York; he named a daughter for Jane AddamsAmelia Earhart was a settlement house worker at Denison House in Boston in 1926 and 1927John Lovejoy Elliot, founder of Hudson Guild in New York CityLucy Flower of Hull House was involved in a variety of movementsMary Parker Follett  used what she learned in settlement house work in Boston to write about human relations and organization and management theory, inspiring many later management writers including Peter Drucker.Alice Hamilton, the first woman professor at Harvard, was a Hull House residentFlorence Kelley, who worked for protective legislation for women and children and headed the National Consumers League, was another Hull House residentJulia Lathrop  who helped create Ameri cas juvenile court system, and the first woman to head a federal bureau, was a long time Hull House residentMinnie Low who founded the Maxwell Street Settlemetn House also founded the National Council of Jewish Women and a loan association for Jewish immigrant womenMary McDowell  was a Hull House resident who helped start a kindergarten there. She later was a founder of the  Womens Trade Union League  (WTUL) and helped found the University of Chicago SettlementMary OSullivan was a Hull House resident who became a labor organizerMary White Ovington worked at Greenpoint Settlement House and helped found the Lincoln Settlement in BrooklynAlice Paul of womens suffrage fame worked in the New York College Settlement and then in the settlement house movement in England where she saw the more radical side of womens suffrage that she then brought back to AmericaFrancis Perkins,   the first woman appointed to the US cabinet, worked at Hull House and later in a settlement house in Phil adelphiaEleanor Roosevelt  as a young woman worked at Henry Street Settlement House as a volunteerVida Dutton Scudder, connected with College Settlement in New YorkMary Simkhovitch, a city planner who founded Greenwich House in Greenwich Village, New York CityGraham Taylor founded the Chicago Commons SettlementIda B. Wells-Barnett helped create a settlement house in Chicago to serve African Americans newly arrived from the SouthLucy Wheelock, kindergarten pioneer, started a kindergarten at a Boston settlement houseRobert Archey Woods founded South End House, the first Boston settlement house